How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction.

نویسندگان

  • Florence Allain
  • Ellie-Anna Minogianis
  • David C S Roberts
  • Anne-Noël Samaha
چکیده

How much, how often and how fast a drug reaches the brain determine the behavioural and neuroplastic changes associated with the addiction process. Despite the critical nature of these variables, the drug addiction field often ignores pharmacokinetic issues, which we argue can lead to false conclusions. First, we review the clinical data demonstrating the importance of the speed of drug onset and of intermittent patterns of drug intake in psychostimulant drug addiction. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature demonstrating that pharmacokinetic variables play a decisive role in determining behavioural and neurobiological outcomes in animal models of addiction. This literature includes recent data highlighting the importance of intermittent, 'spiking' brain levels of drug in producing an increase in the motivation to take drug over time. Rapid drug onset and intermittent drug exposure both appear to push the addiction process forward most effectively. This has significant implications for refining animal models of addiction and for better understanding the neuroadaptations that are critical for the disorder.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Human Laboratory Settings for Assessing Drug Craving Implications for the Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy

Research on assessing craving in laboratory settings often involves inducing and then measuring craving in subjects. Cue-induced craving is studied in laboratory settings using the cue reactivity paradigm, in which drug-related photos, videos, evocative scripts, olfactory cues, and paraphernalia may induce craving. Cue-induced craving evoked by drug-related stimuli could be associated with rela...

متن کامل

اعتیاد به مواد: بدکارکردی جنسی و فروپاشی خانواده

In many communities, a lot of rumors about the effects of alcohol and other drugs in enhancing sexual function are common. The  purpose of this review study was the  evaluation of drug addiction effect on sexual function and as a result, the family. The family is the core of all human communities and is based on sexual instinct. This instinct is the kind of tension involve in survive ...

متن کامل

Addiction and Crimes in Iran

Illicit drug abuse continues to be a growing problem worldwide and a serious hazard to humanity. The crimes associated with drug abuse include sale or possession of drugs; property crimes or prostitution to support drug habits; and violent crimes reflecting out-of-control behavior. In fact, an offender drug use is involved in more than half of all violent crimes and in 60 to 80 percent of child...

متن کامل

CHANGING OF STUDENTS\' VIEWS TOWARD ADDICTION BY SELF -INTRODUCED DRUG ABUSERS AND THEIR FAMILIES

A group of high school students attended 7 educational sessions for a preventive drug abuse program. The students were exposed to drug abusers and their families. Drug abusers and their families informed the subjects about the consequences of addiction in their life: how they became addicted and how the addiction worsened their psychosocial life. Moreover their families explained to student...

متن کامل

How to Gain Respect as an Educator

Respect is often mentioned spontaneously when people talk about relationships in society, and intuitively everyone seems to know its meaning. In any kind of relationship, respect is often said to contribute to successful interactions. Scientists, politicians, writers and journalists commonly use the term ‘respect’ in their arguments with remarkable conviction...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

دوره 56  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2015